1. | Pneumonia is characterized by high fever, chills, and cough, while the common cold causes muscle aches and severe headache. |
2. | Pneumonia involves inflammation of the alveoli filled with fluid, causing difficulty breathing, whereas the common cold is a mild upper respiratory infection with a runny nose. |
3. | The common cold leads to severe respiratory distress, unlike pneumonia. |
4. | Pneumonia is caused by viruses only, while the common cold can be caused by various pathogens including bacteria. |
I: | Cell-mediated immunity involves B-cells while humoral immunity involves T-cells |
II: | Cell-mediated immunity is effective against pathogens inside the cells, while humoral immunity fights extracellular pathogens |
III: | Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies, whereas cell-mediated immunity does not |
Assertion (A): | Proper vaccinations can significantly reduce the incidence of viral diseases such as hepatitis B. |
Reason (R): | Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that are specific to the hepatitis virus. |
1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
4. | (A) is False but (R) is True. |
Assertion (A): | Individuals with AIDS exhibit low levels of T lymphocytes. |
Reason (R): | HIV targets and destroys CD4+ T lymphocytes, which are crucial for the immune system's ability to fight infections |
1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) |
2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
4. | (A) is False but (R) is True. |
1. | Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary, was the first identified asymptomatic carrier. |
2. | The Widal test is used for the diagnosis of typhoid. |
3. | Typhoid is caused by a virus. |
4. | Typhoid fever is transmitted through contaminated food and water. |
1. | IgA | 2. | IgE |
3. | IgG | 4. | IgM |
1. | To directly kill cancer cells through chemical agents. |
2. | To enhance the body's immune response against cancer cells. |
3. | To replace dysfunctional cells with healthy ones. |
4. | To suppress the immune system to prevent cancer cell growth. |
I: | It protects the body from pathogens like bacteria and viruses. |
II: | It involves a variety of cells and molecules working together. |
III: | Vaccines provide immunity by exposing the body to weakened or inactive forms of pathogens. |
IV: | Antibiotics directly target and kill white blood cells involved in the immune response. |