In an ecological pyramid, the saprotrophs:
1. are primary producers
2. can be at any trophic level
3. are not given any place
4. are kept with apex predators

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Ecological succession is:
1. gradual and predictable
2. gradual and unpredictable
3. sudden and predictable
4. sudden and unpredictable

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The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area are called:
1. Taxa
2. Seres
3. Pioneers
4. Climax

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Ecological succession has paralleled:
1. Glaciations
2. Mass extinctions
3. Genetic drifts
4. Evolution

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In which of the following instances would an ecological succession regarded as secondary?
1. Newly cooled lava
2. Bare rock
3. Newly created pond
4. Abandoned farmland

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Identify the correct statements regarding ecological succession:
| I: | Usually, secondary succession is faster than primary succession. |
| II: | Ecological succession involves a change over time in vegetation only. |
| III: | Natural or human disturbance can convert a particular seral stage of succession to an earlier stage. |
1. Only I and II
2. Only I and III
3. Only II and III
4. I, II and III

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Ecological succession leads to mesic conditions in:
| I: | Hydrarch succession |
| II: | Xerarch succession |
1. Both I and II
2. Only I
3. Only II
4. Neither I nor II

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In primary succession in water, the pioneers are normally:
1. Lichens
2. Mosses
3. Phytoplankton
4. Submerged rooted plants

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Lichens are very useful pioneers in succession on a bare rock, especially because:
1. they are sensitive to environmental pollution
2. they have various modes of nutrition
3. they help in the formation of soil
4. they would prevent colonization by parasites

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The correct sequence of seral stages in primary hydrarch succession [pioneer to climax] would be:
| 1. | Phytoplankton, Submerged plant stage, Submerged free floating plant stage, Reed swamp stage, Marsh-meadow stage, Scrub stage, Forest |
| 2. | Phytoplankton, Submerged free floating plant stage, Submerged plant stage, Reed swamp stage, Marsh-meadow stage, Scrub stage, Forest |
| 3. | Phytoplankton, Submerged plant stage, Submerged free floating plant stage, Marsh-meadow stage, Reed swamp stage, Scrub stage, Forest |
| 4. | Phytoplankton, Reed swamp stage, Marsh-meadow stage, Submerged plant stage, Submerged free floating plant stage, Scrub stage, Forest |

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