I: | the ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilisation. |
II: | the male and the female gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence. |
I: | Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous. |
II: | Dryopteris, Pteris, and Adiantum belong to Pteropsida. |
Assertion (A): | The spread of living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions. |
Reason (R): | Pteridophytes are not dependent on water for fertilisation. |
1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) explains (A) |
2. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) does not explain (A) |
3. | (A) is True but (R) is False |
4. | (A) is False but (R) is True |
I: | evolutionarily are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem. |
II: | have gametophytes as the dominant generation in their life cycle. |
1. | Funaria | 2. | Polytrichum |
3. | Marchantia | 4. | Sphagnum |
I: | Many species of Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food. |
II: | Hydrocolloids (water holding substances), e.g., algin from red algae and carrageen from brown algae are used commercially. |
III: | Agar is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria. |
IV: | Chlorella a unicellular alga rich in proteins is used as food supplement. |
COLUMN I | COLUMN II | ||
A | The gametes are flagellated and similar in size | P | Eudorina |
B | The gametes are non-flagellated (non-motile) but similar in size | Q | Ulothrix |
C | the female gametes are larger and flagellated, while the male gametes are smaller and flagellated | R | Fucus |
D | one large, non-motile (static) female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete |
S | Spirogyra |
A | B | C | D | |
1. | S | Q | P | R |
2. | Q | S | P | R |
3. | Q | S | R | P |
4. | S | Q | R | P |
1. | all observable characteristics. |
2. | cytological information like chromosome number, structure, behaviour. |
3. | evolutionary relationships between the various organisms. |
4. | natural affinities among the organisms and consider, not only the external features, but also internal features, like ultra-structure, anatomy, embryology and phytochemistry. |
1. | Red algae | 2. | Brown algae |
3. | Green algae | 4. | Diatoms |