I: | is same for all types of ecosystems. |
II: | is the result of interaction of biotic and abiotic components. |
I: | conversion of inorganic into organic material, with the help of the radiant energy of the sun, by the autotrophs |
II: | consumption of the autotrophs by heterotrophs; |
III: | decomposition and mineralization of the dead matter to release them back for reuse by the autotrophs. |
I: | A constant input of solar energy is the basic requirement for almost all ecosystems to function and sustain. |
II: | There is unidirectional movement of energy towards the higher trophic levels and its dissipation as heat to the environment. |
Statement I: | Gross primary productivity (GPP) minus respiration losses (R), is the net primary productivity (NPP). |
Statement II: | GPP is available for consumption by herbivores. |
I: | is dead plant remains such as leaves, bark, flowers and dead remains of animals, including fecal matter. |
II: | is the raw material for decomposition. |