While explaining interspecific interaction of population, (+) sign is assigned for beneficial interaction, (–) sign is assigned for detrimental interaction and (0) for neutral interaction. Which of the following interactions can be assigned (+) for one species and (–) for another species involved in the interaction?
| 1. | Competition | 2. | Predation |
| 3. | Amensalism | 4. | Commensalism |
| 1. | Cardiac glycosides | 2. | strychnine |
| 3. | toxic ricin | 4. | distasteful quinine |
Match the items in Column-I with those in Column-II:
| Column-I | Column-II | ||
| (a) | Herbivores-Plants | (i) | Commensalism |
| (b) | Mycorrhiza-Plants | (ii) | Mutualism |
| (c) | Sheep-Cattle | (iii) | Predation |
| (d) | Orchid-Tree | (iv) | Competition |
Select the correct option from the following:
| Options: | (a) | (b) | (c) | (d) |
| 1. | (iv) | (ii) | (i) | (iii) |
| 2. | (iii) | (ii) | (iv) | (i) |
| 3. | (ii) | (i) | (iii) | (iv) |
| 4. | (i) | (iii) | (iv) | (ii) |
| List-I (Interacting species) | List-II (Name of Interaction) | ||
| A. | A Leopard and a Lion in a Forest/grassland | I. | Competition |
| B. | A Cuckoo laying an egg in a Crow's nest | II. | Brood parasitism |
| C. | Fungi and root of a higher plant mycorrhizae | III. | Mutualism |
| D. | A cattle egret and a Cattle in a field | IV. | Commensalism |
| Options: | A | B | C | D |
| 1. | II | III | I | IV |
| 2. | I | II | III | IV |
| 3. | I | II | IV | III |
| 4. | III | IV | I | II |
| I: | act as ‘conduits’ for energy transfer across trophic levels |
| II: | keep prey populations under control |
| III: | help in maintaining species diversity in a community |
Consider the given two statements:
|
Assertion (A): |
Predators in nature are ‘prudent’. |
|
Reason (R): |
Prey species have evolved various defenses to lessen the impact of predation |
|
1. |
Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) correctly explains (A). |
|
2. |
Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not correctly explain (A). |
|
3. |
(A) is True; (R) is False |
|
4. |
Both (A) and (R) are False |
| I: | For plants, herbivores are the predators. |
| II: | Nearly 75 percent of all insects are known to be phytophagous. |
| III: | Thorns in plants are the most common morphological means of defense against herbivory. |
| IV: | Cardiac glycosides produced by certain plants can be very detrimental to the health of herbivores. |