| 1. | The introduction of exotic species into a native ecosystem |
| 2. | The occurrence of a species in a specific geographic area |
| 3. | The extinction of species in a given geographic area |
| 4. | The migration of species within a continental area |
| 1. | 4 | 2. | 8 |
| 3. | 12 | 4. | 17 |