The major reservoir for phosphorous is 

(1) Aquifers

(2) Soil and rocks

(3) The atmosphere

(4) Clouds

Both hydrach and xerarch successions:

1. Take same time

2. Have similar sere

3. Lead to mesic conditions

4. Have same pioneer species

About what percent of the global carbon is contained in the atmosphere?

1. 71

2. 49

3. 17

4. about 1

Which of the following organisms will be the first to colonize a bare rock?

1. Annual plants

2. Lichens

3. Perennail plants

4. Herbs and shrubs

During ecological succession

(1) the gradual and predictable change in species composition occurs in a given area

(2) the establishment of a new biotic community is very fast in its primary phase

(3) the numbers and types of animals remain constant

(4) the changes lead to a community that is in near equilibrium with the environment and is called pioneer community

Which of the following would appear as the pioneer organisms on bare rocks?
(1) Liverworts

(2) Mosses

(3) Green algae

(4) Lichens

In which of the following both pairs have the correct combination?

Secondary succession takes place on/in

(1) bara rock

(2) degraded forest

(3) newly created pond

(4) newly cooled lava

Match the following and select the correct option.

     Column I                      Column II

A.  Earthworm                 1. Pioneer species

B. Succession                  2. Detritivore

C. Ecosystem service       3. Natality

D. Population growth        4. Pollination

      A          B         C         D

(1) 1           2         3         4

(2) 4           1         3         2

(3) 3           2         4         1

(4) 2           1         4         3 

Given below is a simplified model of phosphorus cycling in a terrestrial ecosystem with

four blanks (A-D). Identify the blanks.