| I: | vertical growth of seedlings |
| II: | thinning of the axis |
| III: | apical hook formation |
| 1. | Inhibition of stem elongation, thickening of the stem, and horizontal growth. |
| 2. | Increased leaf expansion, root elongation, and faster seed germination. |
| 3. | Acceleration of flowering, increased transpiration, and decreased chlorophyll content. |
| 4. | Suppression of fruit ripening, promotion of seed dormancy, and increased stomatal closure. |
| Assertion (A): | Ethylene promotes fruit ripening. |
| Reason (R): | Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that influences various aspects of plant development. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) correctly explains (A) |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not correctly explain (A) |
| 3. | (A) is True but (R) is False |
| 4. | Both (A) and (R) are False |