Which of the following statements about the kidneys is incorrect?
1. They consume over 20% of the oxygens used by the body at rest.
2. Approximately 1200ml of fluid is filtrated by the kidneys each day.
3. 120-125 ml of plasma is forced into the renal tubules each minute.
4. They compose less than 1% of the body weight.
Regarding the control of water balance by the kidneys:
1. | The renal medulla has an osmotic gradient that decreases from the border with the cortex to the renal papilla. |
2. | ADH is secreted by anterior pituitary in response to a decrease in the osmolality of the blood. |
3. | A normal person cannot produce urine with an osmolality greater than 300 mOsmil.kg-1. |
4. | ADH acts on the cells of the collecting ducts to increase their permeability to water. |
Describe urine in relationship to glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion urine:
1. | glomerular filtration + tubular reabsorption + tubular secretion |
2. | glomerular filtration - tubular reabsorption -tubular secretion |
3. | glomerular filtration + tubular reabsorption -tubular secretion |
4. | glomerular filtration -tubular reabsorption +tubular secretion |
Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) will promote a(n) ________ in the excretion of sodium and water; thus ________ blood volume and blood pressure.
1. decrease, decreasing
2. decrease; increasing
3. increase, decreasing
4. increase, increasing
In the given diagram what would be the value of the osmolality of fluid at points A and B respectively?
1. 1000 and 1000
2. 1200 and 1000
3. 1000 and 1200
4. 1200 and 1200
Consider the following statements :
I. Many bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, and aquatic insects are ammonotelic.
II. Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians, and cartilaginous fishes are ureotelic.
III. Reptiles, birds, land snails, and insects are uricotelic.
Which of the above statements are true?
1. I and II only
2. I and III only
3. II and III only
4. I, II and III
Which of the following statements is correct?
1. The ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water
2. The descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water
3. The ascending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water
4. The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to electrolytes
The part of nephron involved in active reabsorption of sodium is
1. distal convoluted tubule
2. proximal convoluted tubule
3. Bowman's capsule
4. descending limb of Henle's loop
Which of the following does not favor the formation of large quantities of dilute urine?
1. Alcohol
2. Caffeine
3. Renin
4. Atrial-natriuretic factor
Which of the following causes an increase in sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted
tubule?
1. Increase in aldosterone levels
2. Increase in antidiuretic hormone levels
3. Decrease in aldosterone levels
4. Decrease in antidiuretic hormone levels