Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time, best called as:

1.	Biomass	2.	Standing state
3.	Standing crop	4.	Gross productivity

Approximately, what percent of energy is transferred to each trophic level from the lower trophic level in an ecosystem?

The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area are called:
1. Taxa
2. Seres
3. Pioneers
4. Climax

In which of the following instances would an ecological succession regarded as secondary?
1. Newly cooled lava
2. Bare rock
3. Newly created pond
4. Abandoned farmland

Ecological succession leads to mesic conditions in: 

1. Both I and II
2. Only I
3. Only II
4. Neither I nor II

The correct sequence of seral stages in primary hydrarch succession [pioneer to climax] would be:

The amount of nutrients present in the soil, at any given time, is referred to as:
1. Standing state
2. Standing crop
3. Primary productivity
4. Secondary productivity

The reservoir is located in the Earth’s crust for:
I. Gaseous type of nutrient cycle
II. Sedimentary nutrient cycle
1. Only I
2. Only II
3. Both I and II
4. Neither I nor II

The function of a reservoir of nutrient cycle is to:
1. synthesize minerals
2. transfer minerals to other ecosystems
3. meet any deficit
4. destroy the unwanted minerals

The maximum percent of total global carbon is found:
1. in fossil fuels
2. in atmosphere
3. dissolved in oceans
4. in biomass of microbes