The pressure that has to be applied to the ends of a steel wire of length \(10~\text{cm}\) to keep its length constant when its temperature is raised by \(100^\circ \text{C}\) is:
(Young's modulus of steel is \(2\times 10^{11}~\text{Nm}^{-2}\) and coefficient of thermal expansion is \(1.1 \times 10^{-5}~\text{K}^{-1}\))
1. \( 2.2 \times 10^9 ~\text{Pa} \)
2. \( 2.2 \times 10^7 ~\text{Pa} \)
3. \( 2.2 \times 10^6 ~\text{Pa} \)
4. \( 2.2 \times 10^8 ~\text{Pa} \)

Subtopic:  Thermal Stress |
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An external pressure \(P\) is applied on a cube at \(0^\circ\text{C}\) so that it is equally compressed from all sides. \(K\) is the bulk modulus of the material of the cube and \(\alpha\) is its coefficient of linear expansion. Suppose we want to bring the cube to its original size by heating. The temperature should be raised by:
1. \( \dfrac{{P}}{3 \alpha {K}}\)

2. \( \dfrac{{P}}{\alpha{K}} \)

3. \( \dfrac{3 \alpha}{{PK}} \)

4. \(3 {PK} \alpha\)

Subtopic:  Thermal Stress |
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A compressive force \(F\) is applied at the two ends of a long thin steel rod. It is heated, simultaneously, such that its temperature increases by \(\Delta{T}.\) The net change in its length is zero. Let \(l\) be the length of the rod, \(A\) its area of cross-section, \(Y\) is Young's modulus and \(\alpha\) is coefficient of linear expansion. Then, the force \(F\) is equal to: 
1. \(\frac{{AY}}{\alpha \Delta{T}}\)
2. \(\text {A}Y\alpha \Delta {T}\)
3. \(l^2 {Y}\alpha \Delta {T}\)
4. \(l {A}{Y} \alpha\Delta{T}\)
Subtopic:  Thermal Stress |
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A steel rail of length \(5~\text{m}\) and cross-sectional area \(40~\text{cm}^2\) is rigidly fixed at both ends, preventing it from expanding when the temperature rises by \(10^\circ\text{C}.\) Given that the coefficient of linear expansion of steel is \(1.2\times10^{-5}~\text{K}^{-1}\) and its Young’s modulus is \(2\times10^{11}~\text{Nm}^{-2},\) the approximate force developed in the rail is:
1. \(2\times10^{9}~\text{N}\)
2. \(3\times 10^{-5}~\text{N}\)
3. \(2\times10^{7}~\text{N}\)
4. \(1\times10^{5}~\text{N}\)
Subtopic:  Thermal Stress |
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Given below are two statements: 

Assertion (A): When a rod lying freely is heated, no thermal stress is developed in it.
Reason (R): On heating the length of the rod increases. 

1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
3. (A) is true but (R) is false.
4. (A) is false but (R) is true.

Subtopic:  Thermal Stress |
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