1. Weismann - Theory of continuity of germplasm
2. Pasteur -- Inheritance of acquired characters
3. de Vries -- Natural selection
4. Mendel -- Theory of pangenesis
| 1. | analogous organs | 2. | homologous organs |
| 3. | vestigial organs | 4. | retrogressive evolution |
| 1. | Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita – Analogous organs |
| 2. | Nictitating membrane and blind spot in the human eye – vestigial organs |
| 3. | Nephridia of the earthworm and Malpighian tubules of cockroach - Excretory organs |
| 4. | Wings of a honey bee and wings of crow - Homologous organs |
Adaptive radiation refers to:
| 1. | adaptations due to geographical isolation |
| 2. | evolution of different species from a common ancestor |
| 3. | migration of members of a species to different geographical areas |
| 4. | power of adaptation in an individual to a variety of environments |