| 1. | Biomass enhancement |
| 2. | Faster mineralisation |
| 3. | Nutrient immobilisation and decline in productivity |
| 4. | More herbivory |
| 1. | Energy flow is bidirectional while nutrient flow is unidirectional |
| 2. | Energy flow is unidirectional while nutrient flow is cyclic |
| 3. | Both energy and nutrients flow unidirectionally |
| 4. | Both energy and nutrients flow cyclically |