1. | Tetanus is acquired through infection of a cut or wound with the spores of the bacterium Clostridium tetani., |
2. | Tetanus can be easily transmitted from person to person. |
3. | Tetanus can be prevented through immunization with tetanus-toxoid-containing vaccines (TTCV). |
4. | People who recover from tetanus do not have natural immunity and can be infected again. |
Assertion (A): | If a person is infected with some deadly microbes to which a quick immune response is required as in tetanus, we need to directly inject the preformed antibodies or antitoxin. |
Reason (R): | This type of immunization is called passive immunization. |
1. | Both (A) and (R) are False |
2. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
3. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not explain (A). |
4. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) explains (A). |
Assertion (A): | In vaccination, a preparation of antigenic proteins of pathogen or inactivated/weakened pathogen (vaccine) are introduced into the body. |
Reason (R): | The vaccines also generate memory – B and T-cells that recognise the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure and overwhelm the invaders with a massive production of antibodies. |
1. | Both (A) and (R) are False |
2. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
3. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not explain (A). |
4. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) explains (A). |
1. | Tuberculosis | 2. | Covid-19 |
3. | Bronchial asthma | 4. | Rheumatoid arthritis |
I: | A is thymus and it is a secondary lymphoid organ. |
II: | B is MALT and is a primary lymphoid organ. |
1. | Only I | 2. | Only II |
3. | Both I and II | 4. | Neither I nor II |
I: | The primary lymphoid organs are where immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen sensitive lymphocytes. |
II: | The thymus is quite small at the time of birth and keeps increasing in size with age. |
III: | Antigens trapped in the lymph nodes are responsible for the activation of lymphocytes present there and cause the immune response. |
I. | AIDS is a congenital disease |
II. | Syndrome means a group of symptoms |
III. | HIV is a rotavirus |
IV. | HIV does not have an envelope |
V. | HIV can be transmitted by an infected mother to her child through placenta |
1. | 2 | 2. | 3 |
3. | 4 | 4. | 5 |
Assertion (A): | HIV/Aids infected persons should not be isolated from family and society. |
Reason (R): | There is a time-lag of a few months to many years [usually 5-10 years] between infection and the appearance of AIDS symptoms. |
1. | Both (A) and (R) are False. |
2. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) explains (A). |
3. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not correctly explain (A). |
4. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
I: | HIV first enters into the macrophages. |
II: | Macrophages are used by HIV as a factory to produce more virus particles. |
III: | The viral cDNA does not get integrated into any cells in the human body. |
IV: | HIV also enters the T-helper cells and destroys them. |
V: | The anti-retroviral treatment for AIDS is completely curative. |
1. | All except V | 2. | Only III and V |
3. | Only I, III and IV | 4. | All |
I: | Almost all carcinogens are mutagens. |
II: | X-rays and Gamma rays are non-ionising. |
III: | UV rays are ionising radiations. |