Acid-base balance in the human body is regulated by:

1. heart and lungs	2. liver and hypothalamus
3. kidneys and lungs	4. lungs and heart

The urine examination of a person suspected of a kidney disorder is most likely to show the presence of:

The principal cation in the extracellular fluid is:

What is expected to happen to the pH of urine if the pH of the blood gets acidic?
1. Decreases.
2. Increases.
3. Remains the same.
4. First increases and than decreases.

A decrease in secretion of ADH will lead to ______ volume and ______ concentration of urine.

Angiotensinogen in blood is secreted by:

Identify the point in the nephron by which glucose is completely reabsorbed from the filtrate under normal physiological conditions:
1. the end of the proximal tubule.
2. the tip of the loop of Henle.
3. the end of the distal tubule.
4. the end of the collecting duct.

A decrease in blood pressure/volume will not cause the release of

Which one of the following correctly explains the function of a specific part of a human nephron?
1. Henle's loop - most reabsorption of the major substances from the glomerular filtrate
2. Distal convoluted tubule - reabsorption of ions into the surrounding blood capillaries
3. Afferent arteriole - carries the blood away from the glomerulus towards the renal vein
4. Podocytes- create minute spaces (slit pores) for the filtration of blood into the Bowman's capsule

Which one of the following statements in regard to excretion by the human kidneys is correct?
1. Descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water
2. Distal convoluted tubule is incapable of reabsorbing HCO^-₃ 
3. Nearly 99 per cent of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules
4. Ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to electrolytes