In majority of the nephrons, the loop of Henle:
1. is absent
2. extends only a little into the medulla
3. extends deep into the medulla
4. is associated with a highly developed vasa recta
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Juxtamedullary nephrons:
1. are more common than cortical nephrons
2. do not have a well developed vasa recta associated with them
3. play a very important role in concentration of urine
4. produce angiotensinogen
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The location of kidneys in humans can be best described as:
1. | between last thoracic and third lumbar vertebra close to dorsal inner wall of abdominal cavity |
2. | between last thoracic and third lumbar vertebra close to ventral inner wall of abdominal cavity |
3. | between 10th thoracic and third lumbar vertebra close to dorsal inner wall of abdominal cavity |
4. | between 10th thoracic and third lumbar vertebra close to ventral inner wall of abdominal cavity |
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Urination will be caused by simultaneous:
1. | contraction of smooth muscle of bladder and relaxation of urethral sphincter |
2. | relaxation of smooth muscle of bladder and contraction of urethral sphincter |
3. | contraction of smooth muscle of bladder and urethral sphincter |
4. | relaxation of smooth muscle of bladder and urethral sphincter |
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Aldosterone can be secreted by adrenal cortex when it is stimulated most directly by:
1. ADH | 2. Renin |
3. Angiotensin | 4. ANF |
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During concentration of urine, NaCl is returned to medullary interstitium by:
1. Ascending limb of Loop of Henle
2. Descending limb of Loop of Henle
3. Ascending limb of Vasa Recta
4. Descending limb of Vasa Recta
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During the counter current mechanism, small amount of urea from interstitium enters:
1. the collecting duct
2. the thin segment of ascending limb of loop of Henle
3. the ascending limb of vasa recta
4. the descending limb of vasa recta
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What is the number of times that the human kidneys can maximally concentrate the initial filtrate?
1. | 2 | 2. | 4 |
3. | 6 | 4. | 8 |
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What acts as a check on the renin-angiotensin mechanism?
1. | ANF | 2. | ADH |
3. | Aldosterone | 4. | Erythropoietin |
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Consider the two statements:
I: | The process of filtration at Malpighian body is regarded as ultrafiltration. |
II: | Blood is filtered so finely that all constituents of plasma pass into the lumen of Bowman’s capsule. |
1. | Both I and II are correct and II explains I |
2. | Both I and II are correct but II does not explain I |
3. | I is correct but II is incorrect |
4. | I is incorrect but II is correct |
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