Assertion: In the fetus, the liver does not perform the normal digestive processes.
Reason: In infants nutrients are received directly from the mother via the placenta.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

1. If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion
2. If both the assertion and reason are true but the reason is not a correct explanation of the assertion
3. If the assertion is true but the reason is false
4. If both the assertion and reason are false

Assertion: Defecation is frequently accompanied by urination.
Reason: During defecation, the external sphincter muscles relax.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Secretin is released into circulation in response to low duodenal pH.
Reason: Secretin primarily functions to neutralize the pH in the duodenum, allowing digestive enzymes from the pancreas to function optimally.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach.
Reason: It acts on enterochromaffin like cells that release histamine which stimulates the parietal cells.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: The defining sign of kwashiorkor in a malnourished child is pitting edema (swelling of the ankles and feet).
Reason: Kwashiorkor is inadequate energy intake in all forms, including protein.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: One serious side effect of a vagotomy[cutting of vagus nerve] is a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency later in life that is similar to pernicious anemia.
Reason: The vagus normally stimulates the stomach's parietal cells to secrete acid and intrinsic factor.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Constipation can be caused or exacerbated by a low-fiber diet, low liquid intake, or dieting.
Reason: Dietary fiber helps to decrease colonic transport time, increases stool bulk but simultaneously softens stool.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

The only exopeptidase amongst the following is:
1. Carboxypeptidase
2. Chymotrypsin
3. Trypsin
4. Elastase

Assertion: In humans none of the lipases act in an acidic pH.
Reason: All lipases require bile salts for their activation.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: The microvilli of small intestinal epithelium are important for the final step of digestion of carbohydrates especially.
Reason: The microvilli that constitute the brush border have enzymes for this final part of digestion anchored into their apical plasma membrane as integral membrane proteins.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.