Assertion: Fermentation is an extension of glycolysis that can generate ATP by substrate level phosphorylation as long as a sufficient supply of NAD⁺ is available.
Reason: NAD⁺ is an oxidizing agent in involved in glycolysis.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

1. If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion
2. If both the assertion and reason are true but the reason is not a correct explanation of the assertion
3. If the assertion is true but the reason is false
4. If both the assertion and reason are false

Assertion: Catabolism can also harvest energy stored in fats obtained from food or from storage cells in the body.
Reason: Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation in mitochondria to produce ATP directly.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: All the organic molecules of food are destined to be oxidized as fuel to make ATP.
Reason: The catabolic pathway intermediates cannot be diverted to any anabolic pathway.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: If citrate accumulates in mitochondria, ATP production is slowed down.
Reason: When this happens, some citrate passes into the cytosol and inhibits phosphofructokinase.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: When a glucose fed yeast is transferred from aerobic to anaerobic medium its rate of glucose consumption decreases.
Reason: It starts metabolizing lactose and stops using glucose in anaerobic conditions.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Most cells are making ATP all the time.
Reason: ATP is unstable and not stored in large amounts in a cell.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: It is logical to infer that the ancestor of all living organisms today made ATP by glycolysis.
Reason: The enzymes responsible for glycolysis have been observed in nearly every prokaryote and eukaryote.

1. Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. Both assertion and reason are false.

Energy released by oxidation in respiration:
1. can use only carbohydrates as respiratory substrate
2. is all released free into the cell
3. is all released in a single step
4. cannot be used directly

Plants can get along without respiratory organs. What may be the reason/s for this?
I. Each plant part takes care of its own gas exchange needs
II. Plants do not present great demands for gas exchange

In Section 12.1, it is written that most cells of a plant have at least a part of their surface in contact with air. The arguments in favor of this statement include all except:
1. Flattened leaves
2. Closely packed parenchyma in most regions
3. Presence of lenticels
4. Mostly dead cells in the interior