Ncert Exercises & Solutions

7. An orchid plant is growing on the branch of mango tree. How do you describe this interaction between the orchid and the mango tree?

Several plants have evolved various mechanisms both morphological and

chemical to protect themselves against herbivory.

Morphological defence mechanisms:

$\to$ Cactus leaves (Opuntia) are modified into sharp spines (thorns) to deter

herbivores from feeding on them.

$\to$ Sharp thorns along with leaves are present in Acacia to deter herbivores.

$\to$ In some plants, the margins of their leaves are spiny or have sharp edges that

prevent herbivores from feeding on them.

Chemical defence mechanisms:

$\to$ All parts of Calotropis weeds contain toxic cardiac glycosides, which can

prove to be fatal if ingested by herbivores.

$\to$ Chemical substances such as nicotine, caffeine, quinine, and opium are

produced in plants as a part of self-defence.