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Which ecosystem has the maximum biomass?
1. Grassland ecosystem
2. Pond ecosystem
3. Lake ecosystem
4. Forest ecosystem

The primary producers of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystem are
1. green algae
2. chemosynthetic bacteria
3. blue green algae
4. coral reefs

Which of the following would appear as the pioneer organisms on bare rocks ?
1. Mosses
2. Green algae
3. Lichens
4. Liverworts

Which one of the following is a characteristic feature of cropland ecosystem?
1. Absence of weeds 
2. Ecological succession
3. Absence of soil organisms
4. Least genetic diversity

The term ecosystem was coined by
1. E.Haeckel
2. E.Warming
3. E.P. Odum
4. A.G Tansley

Most animals that live in deep oceanic waters are
1. tertiary consumers 
2. detritivores  
3. primary consumers
4. secondary consumers

During ecological succession
1. the numbers and types of animals remain constant
2. the changes lead to a community that is in near equilibrium with the environment and is called pioneer community
3. the gradual and predictable change in species composition occurs in a given area
4. the establishment of a new biotic community is very fast in its primary phase

In which of the following both pairs have correct combination?

The mass of living material at a trophic level at a particular time is called
1. net primary productivity
2. standing crop
3. gross primary productivity
4. standing state

Vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels in a biotic community is known as
1. zonation
2. pyramid
3. divergence
4. stratification

Secondary succession takes place on/in
1. newly created pond
2. newly cooled lava
3. bare rock
4. degraded forest

Most animals are tree dwellers in a 
1. temperate deciduous forest
2. tropical rainforest
3. coniferous forest
4. thorn woodland

In am ecosystem the rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis is termed as
1. secondary productivity
2. net productivity
3. net primary productivity
4. gross primary productivity

Match the following and select the correct option
A. Earthworm                   (i) Pioneer species
B. Succession                  (ii) Detritivore
C. Ecosystem service       (iii) Natality
D. Population growth        (iv) Pollination
     A     B     C      D
1. (i)    (ii)  (iii)    (iv)
2. (iv)   (i)  (iii)    (ii)
3. (iii)   (ii)  (iv)    (i)
4. (ii)    (i)   (iv)   (iii)

Given below is a simplified model of phosphorus cycling in a terresterial ecosystem with four blanks (A-D). Identify the blanks

If 20 J of energy is trapped at producer level, then how much energy will be available to peacock as food in the following chain?
Plant $\to$ Mice $\to$ Snake $\to$ Peacock
1. 0.02 J
2. 0.002 J
3. 0.2 J
4. 0.0002 J

Natural reservoir of phosphorus is
1. rock
2. fossils
3. sea water
4. animal bones

Secondary productivity is rate of formation of new organic matter by
1. consumers
2. decomposers
3. producers
4. parasites

Which of the following processes during decompositions is correctly described?
1. Catabolism - Last step in the decomposition under fully anaerobic condition
2. Leaching - Water soluble inorganic nutrients rise to the top layers of soil
3. Fragmentations - Carried out by organisms such as earthworm
4. Humification - Leads to the accumulation of a dark coloured substance humus which undegoes microbial action at a very fast rate

Which two distinct microbial processes are responsible for the release of fixed nitrogen as dinitrogen gas (N${}_2$) to the atmosphere?
1. Aerobic nitrate oxidation and nitrite reduction
2. Decomposition of organic nitrogen and conversion of dinitrogen to ammonium compounds
3. Enteric fermentation in the cattle and nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium in root nodules of legumes
4. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification 

Which of the following is a primary consumer in maize field ecosystem?
1. Grasshopper
2. Wolf
3. Phytoplankton
4. Lion

When men eats fish which feeds on zooplanktons which have eaten small plants, the prosucers in this chain is
1. Small plants
2. Fish
3. Man
4. Zooplankton

Which of the following is not a gaseous biogeochemical cycle in ecosystem?
1. Suphur cycle
2. Phosphorus cycle
3. Nitrogen cycle
4. Carbon cycle 

Identify the possible link ''A'' in the following food chain.
Plant $\to$ Insect $\to$ Frog $\to$ ''A'' $\to$ Eagle
1. Rabbit
2. Wolf
3. Cobra
4. Parrot

Given below is an imaginary pyramid of number. What could be one of the possibilities about certain organisms at some of the different levels?

1. Level PC is ''insects'' and level SC is ''small insectivorous birds''.
2. Level PP is ''phytoplanktons'' in sea and ''whale'' on top level TC
3. Level one PP is ''pipal trees'' and the level SC is ''sheep''.
4. Level PC is ''rats'' and level SC is ''cats''.

Which one of the following is not a functional unit of an ecosystem?
1. Energy flow
2. Decomposition
3. Productivity
4. Stratification

The upright pyramid of number is absent in
1. Pond
2. Forest
3. Lake
4. Grassland

The rate of formation of new organic matter by rabbit in a grassland, is called
1. Net productivity
2. Secondary productivity
3. Net primary productivity
4. Gross primary productivity

The second stage of hydrosere is occupied by plants like
1. Azolla
2. Typha
3. Salix
4. Vallisneria

Identify the likely organisms (1), (2), (3) and (4) in the food web shown below.

    (1)             (2)              (3)               (4)
1. Deer          Rabbit          Frog             Rat
2. Dog           Squirrel        Bat               Deer
3. Rat            Dog             Tortoise         Crow
4. Squirrel      Cat              Rat               Pigeon

Mass of living matter at a trophic level in an area at any time is called
1. Standing crop
2. Detritus
3. Humus
4. Standing state

Of the total incident solar radiation the proportion of PAR is
1. about 70%
2. about 60%
3. less than 50%
4. more than 80%

Which of the following statements is correct for secondary succession?
1. It begins on a bare rock
2. It occurs on a deforested site
3. It follows primary succession
4. It is similar to primary succession except that it has a relatively fast pace

Which one of the following statements for the pyramid of energy is incorrect?
1. Its base is broad
2. It shows energy content of different trophic level organisms
3. It is inverted in shape
4. it is upright in shape

Which one of the following animals may occupy more than one trophic levels in the same ecosystem at the same time?
1. Sparrow
2. Lion
3. Goat
4. Frog 

Both hydrarch and exrarch succession lead to
1. medium water conditions
2. xeric conditions
3. highly dry conditions
4. excessive wet conditions

The breakdown of detritus into smaller particles by earthworm is a process called
1. humification
2. fragmentation
3. mineralisation
4. catabolism

The biomass available for consumption by the herbivores and the decomposers is called
1. net primary productivity
2. secondary productivity
3. standing crop
4. gross primary productivity

Which of the following representations shows the pyramid of numbers in a forest ecosystem?

1. D
2. A
3. B
4. C

The correct sequence of plants in a hydrosere is 
1. Volvox $\to$ Hydrilla $\to$Pistia $\to$ Scirpus $\to$ Lantana $\to$ Oak
2. Pistia $\to$ Volvox $\to$ Scirpus $\to$Hydrilla $\to$ Oak $\to$ Lantana
3. Oak $\to$ Lantana $\to$ Volvox $\to$ Hydrilla $\to$ Pistia $\to$ Scripus
4. Oak $\to$ Lantana $\to$ Scripus $\to$ Pistia $\to$ Hydrilla $\to$ Volvox